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| Removing blood stasis with the obverse and reverse Warburg effects in cancer |
| 1Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University/The 9th Clinical Medical College, Peking University, Beijing 100038, China; 2School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China |
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Abstract Blood-stasis syndrome (BSS) was the main pathogenesis of cancer which runs through the whole process of carcinogenesis. Blood-activating and stasis-resolving (BASR) for cancer had a history of more than 2000 years; however, the molecular mechanism of BASR for cancer was still not clear, especially whether BASR can cause cancer metastasis was controversial. For a long time, it was deeply rooted in the idea that BASR was mainly to improve the high coagulation state, thus reducing the occurrence of metastasis. Actually, this view could not fully explain the intrinsic relationship between BSS and carcinogenesis, also could not clarify the controversies on BASR for cancer, such as BASR inhibiting or promoting blood vessels growth, BASR drugs causing or inhibiting cancer metastasis, and so on. This article reviewed literature on BSS and BASR in cancer patients, with beginning from the core of cancer cells metabolism characteristics - obverse and reverse Warburg effect, and analyzed the causes and the main signaling pathways of BSS, explored the possible mechanism of BASR. At the meanwhile, we also put forward the appropriate treatment time of BASR, the main principles and feasible evaluation index for cancer. This article would help to improve the understanding of the treatment of BASR for cancer, and also help clarify whether BASR can cause cancer metastasis.
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