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2021 Vol. 8, No. 2
Published: 2021-05-10
 
111 Influence of probiotic‑regulated gut microbiota on immune checkpoint blockade therapy
Gao Guangqi, Zhang Heping
Immune checkpoint blockade is a breakthrough technology in tumor immunotherapy. It could be summarized that monoclonal antibodies suppressed the target negative regulators to activate the downstream immune response, which produced a cytotoxic T cell mediated killing effect on tumor cells. However, this treatment can only benefit a part of patients, so it is important to find out effective ways to improve the cancer immunotherapy. Gut microbiota is considered to be an important contribution to the success of checkpoint blockade therapy. Studies showed that the presence, composition, and diversity of gut microbiota directly affected the efficacy of cancer treatment in patients and mice, and the efficiency of the immune response could be improved by fecal microbiota transplantation or beneficial bacteria intervention. There was a significant correlation between the characteristic bacteria or microbiota of intestinal tract and the antigen presentation of dendritic cells in the host tumor microenvironment as well as the activity of effector T lymphocytes. To a large extent, the regulation mechanism between gut microbiota and host immunity is that substances, such as short⁃chain fatty acids or secondary bile acids, produced by gut bacteria metabolism can regulate the gene expression or the differentiation and activity of immune cells through ligand⁃receptor pathways. Another possible factor can be supposed as that bacterial translocation into the tumor stimulates the systemic immune response. Based on these gut microbiota⁃host immune investigations, it can be confirmed that improving or maintaining healthy intestinal microbiota structure by avoiding the use of antibiotics, fecal bacteria transplantation or probiotic intervention is an effective way to optimize the immune checkpoint blockade treatment of tumor.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 111-117 [Abstract] ( 360 ) HTML PDF (1020 KB)  ( 274 )
118 Dietary pattern，gut microbiota and colorectal cancer
Zhai Qixiao，Chen Wei
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Its occurrence and development are jointly determined by genes, environment, lifestyle, and other factors. The occurrence of CRC is often accompanied by changes in the intestinal microenvironment. Dietary composition is an important factor in shaping the intestinal microenvironment. More and more studies have focused on the relationship between dietary pattern, dietary composition, and CRC. This paper first discusses the impact of different dietary patterns on the risk of colorectal cancer, and proves that the western diet may promote the occurrence of colorectal cancer, while the mediterranean diet, energy restriction diet, vegetarian diet, and ketogenic diet have certain prevention and intervention effects on colorectal cancer. Further analyzed how various dietary components indirectly affect the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer through direct action or by regulating intestinal flora. Polyphenols, carotenoids, and dietary fiber can maintain intestinal homeostasis, improve intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, and reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. The absence or excess of specific dietary components changes the composition of intestinal microorganisms, inducing an increase in the abundance of cancer⁃related microorganisms, resulting in the accumulation of toxic metabolites, thereby promoting intestinal inflammation and the occurrence of tumors. Finally, this review proposes a set of individualized dietary intervention strategies for patients with colorectal cancer. Multiple omics methods such as metagenome, macrotranscriptome, and metabonomics are combined with artificial intelligence to analyze the composition and function abnormalities of patients′ gut microbiota, so as to design individual dietary patterns to realize accurate regulation of the intestinal flora of CRC patients.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 118-127 [Abstract] ( 397 ) HTML PDF (2390 KB)  ( 561 )
128 Research progress of probiotics in tumor immunotherapy
Jiang Shuaiming, Zhang Jiachao
Tumor immunotherapy is a therapeutic method that uses the immune system to restore the body′s normal anti⁃tumor immune response, to control and remove the tumor. Intestinal microbiota can maintain the homeostasis and the health of the body by interacting with the host and play a crucial role in the process of human physiological activities. More and more studies have found that intestinal microbiota affects the occurrence and development of tumors. And the disorders of intestinal microbiota and potential mechanisms in patients with tumors have also been gradually analyzed. At the same time, the intestinal flora of patients also plays a decisive role, it has been found that the regulation of immune response by intestinal microbiota may directly affect the therapeutic effect of cancer in the process of tumor immunotherapy. Artificial intervention to change intestinal microbiota can be used as a new strategy to improve the effect of tumor immunotherapy and achieve accurate and personalized treatment of cancer in combination with conventional immunotherapy. The intervention measures include antibiotics, probiotics, and so on. Among them, probiotics, a kind of safe and effective microecological agents, have great potential in tumor immunotherapy used to interfere with intestinal microbiota, but more clinical data and mechanisms are still needed. This paper introduces the relationship between intestinal microbiota with tumor and the research progress of probiotics in tumor immunotherapy, which provides theoretical support for the application of probiotics and the mechanism of probiotics affecting host health.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 128-133 [Abstract] ( 392 ) HTML PDF (990 KB)  ( 412 )
134 High fat diet, gut microbiota and metabolism, and colorectal cancer
Yang Jia, Yu Jun
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, especially in western countries. Diet is one of the major factors that contribute to the development of CRC. In recent years, with the development and improvement of social economy in our country, the CRC incidence has been rising with increased trend of young⁃onset cases, which is probably associated with high fat diet, obesity and lack of physical exercises. Studies have shown that high fat diet is closely associated with CRC. High fat diet could alter gut microbiota composition with decreased bacterial diversity along with depletion of Bacteroides and enrichment of Firmicutes. Furthermore, high fat diet could also have an impact on gut metabolites with increased secondary bile acids, fatty acids and sulfide derivants. Studies have demonstrated that excess secondary bile acids could lead to DNA damage and gut inflammation in colon epithelial cells, and also promote proliferation of colon stem⁃like cell⁃Lgr5(+) cells and thus contributing to colorectal tumorigenesis. In this review paper, we will discuss the contribution of high fat diet on colorectal tumorigenesis, the impact of dietary fat on gut microbiota and metabolites, and also dietary strategies for the prevention of CRC.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 134-138 [Abstract] ( 476 ) HTML PDF (1203 KB)  ( 371 )
139 Expert consensus on adverse effects of analgesics
Cancer pain treatment is one of the core links of comprehensive cancer treatment. The ultimate goal is to reduce pain to a level that is acceptable to patients. However, the adverse reactions in the treatment of cancer pain have reduced the quality of life of patients to a certain extent. This consensus aims to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of adverse effects of analgesia in patients with cancer pain, to improve the quality of life of patients with cancer pain.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 139-143 [Abstract] ( 600 ) HTML PDF (898 KB)  ( 282 )
144 Expert consensus on nutrition therapy for cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is the second big global female reproductive system tumor. Its mortality rate is high, seriously harming women′s health and endangering their lives. Surgery is an important method for the treatment of early cervical cancer. Radiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy are important methods for the treatment of middle and advanced cervical cancer. No matter what kind of treatment will lead to malnutrition in the body. Especially, recurrent cervical cancer is more prone to severe malnutrition due to the consumption of disease progression. It is of great significance to carry out standardized and effective nutritional therapy at the same time in the treatment stage of cervical cancer, which should be regarded as a new concept of comprehensive treatment for cervical cancer patients. The dietitian should work closely with the clinician and obtain full understanding and cooperation from the patient. Professional nutritional treatment is beneficial to ensure adequate nutritional supply of patients, to improve nutritional status, radiotherapy and chemotherapy tolerance, to reduce the frequency of radiotherapy interruption, to increase the cycle of chemotherapy completion, and to significantly improve the quality of life.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 144-148 [Abstract] ( 400 ) HTML PDF (918 KB)  ( 170 )
149 Effect of preoperative oral immunonutrition on esophageal cancer patients with nutritional risk
Qin Zhonghua, Xu Wenxia, Wu Song, Huang Bin, Yu Guiping
Objectives To investigate the effect of preoperative oral immunonutrition in the recovery of patients with esophageal cancer with nutritional risk. Methods A total of 80 cases of esophageal cancer patients treated in our hospital from March 2014 to March 2017 were divided randomly into the experimental group or the control group. The clinical data were compared between the two groups. Results No difference were observed between the two groups with respect to general data, surgical methods, pTNM staging data, complication rate, albumin and prealbumin indexes 7 days after surgery（P>0.05）. However, compared with control group, a significant decrease occurred in albumin, prealbumin, lymphocyte counts before and 1 day after surgery and lymphocyte counts 7 days after surgery and the incidence of intestinal adverse reactions, anal exhaust time, hospitalization day, hospitalization expense in the experimental group（P<0.05）. Conclusions Preoperative oral immunonutrition can improve the perioperative nutritional status of patients with esophageal cancer with nutritional risk and promote early postoperative recovery. It can be used as a preoperative support for these patients.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 149-152 [Abstract] ( 221 ) HTML PDF (950 KB)  ( 201 )
153 Study on the relationship between M‑stage before operation and clinical characteristics and prognosis of colorectal cancer patients
1ChenZihong,2LiuHong,3LiuJun,1YuShanshan，1LiuXianmin，1NanQiong
Objective To explore the relationship between preoperative M stage and clinical features and prognosis of colorectal cancer patients in order to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and clinical treatment. Methods The study is a retrospective cohort study. From August 2011 to August 2014 cases of colorectal cancer which confirmed by surgery and pathology were selected from the hospital.We collected the clinical data and follow⁃up of patients until patients died, lost to follow⁃up or to the deadline.The deadline is August 31, 2019. Results A total of 147 patients were included in this study. They were divided into 2 groups according to TNM stage, including 106 patients in stage M0 group and 41 patients in Stage M1 group. Compared with M0 group, the incidence of biliary tract disease, appendiceal disease and liver metastasis were higher in M1 Group (P<0.05).The age of onset was different in the two groups. M0 group aged 60-79 years and 80-99 years accounting for the majority, while M1 group aged 20-39 years and 40-59 years accounting for the majority. Conclusion As an independent prognostic factor for patients with colorectal cancer, preoperative M stage is an important prognostic indicator for predicting the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer, while the history of biliary tract, history of appendix and liver metastasis are related to the postoperative prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 153-156 [Abstract] ( 204 ) HTML PDF (1167 KB)  ( 259 )
157 The predictive value of BMI for post‑operative intracranial infection in glioma patients
1LiuShuang,2XueTao,1WangWeihong,1MaJiamin,3ZhangMengwei,3YangJianjun
Objective To explore the predictive value of body mass index (BMI) for the occurrence of intracranial infection in patients with glioma, and to provide a reference of the diagnosis and treatment for patients with glioma. Methods To investigate and collect the clinical data of 128 patients who underwent glioma resection from January 2016 to December 2018 in the Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. The patients were divided into intracranial infection group and control group based on the incidence of postoperative intracranial infection. The differences in general conditions, important surgical events, and main postoperative outcome indicators between the two groups of patients were analyzed, and the independent risk factors for intracranial infection after glioma were analyzed. Chi-square test or Logistics regression analysis. Results There were 33 patients with postoperative intracranial infection, and the cumulative infection rate was 25.78%. Among them, BMI<18.5 kg/m2 (63.64%), 18.5 kg/m2 26 kg/m2（38.10%）. Univariate analysis showed that the history of diabetes, intraoperative blood loss more than 300 ml, operation time more than 4 h, and BMI<18.5 kg/m2 or BMI>26 kg/m2 were associated with the occurrence of postoperative intracranial infection (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that operation time more than 4 h and BMI<18.5 kg/m2 or BMI>26 kg/m2 were independently associated with intracranial infection in patients with glioma (P<0.05). Conclusion BMI has a certain predictive value for the occurrence of postoperative intracranial infection in patients with glioma. When the patient with BMI<18.5 kg/m2 or BMI>26 kg/m2, more attention should be given to prevent the occurrence of postoperative intracranial infection.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 157-161 [Abstract] ( 223 ) HTML PDF (2020 KB)  ( 211 )
162 Nutritional status of advanced cancer patients and its correlation with anxiety and depression
1ZhengJing,2LiJianjun,1ZhengJinying,1XuXiaohua,1ZhouYong
Objective To study the nutritional status of patients with advanced cancer and its correlation with anxiety and depression. Methods To screening the advanced cancer patients hospitalized in the oncology department of our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020, and investigate the nutritional risk screening 2002 (NRS 2002) score, body mass index (BMI), hematological indexes (total protein, albumin, hemoglobin). The hospital anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to evaluate the patients′ anxiety and depression, and to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and anxiety and depression in patients with advanced cancer. Results The incidence of malnutrition (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) was 22.39% (336/1501), and the incidence of nutritional risk (NRS 2002≥3) was 56.70% (851/1501).Patients with nutritional risk had lower total protein, albumin, hemoglobin and BMI. Compared with different kinds of cancer, patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer had the highest proportion of malnutrition and nutritional risk.The positive rates of anxiety and depression were 78.61% (1180/1501) and 69.62% (1045/1501), respectively. NRS 2002 score was positively correlated with anxiety and depression (P<0.05); BMI was negatively correlated with anxiety and depression (P<0.05). Conclusion The higher the NRS 2002 score, the lower the BMI, and the more serious the degree of anxiety and depression.For advanced cancer patients with high nutritional risk and malnutrition, we should strengthen nutritional support and the intervention of anxiety and depression.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 162-167 [Abstract] ( 241 ) HTML PDF (959 KB)  ( 198 )
168 A meta‑analysis of the efficacy of omega‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients undergoing radiotherapy
1XuXintian,1HuangHui,1DaiZhu,2TianMengxing,3ZuoXuezhi,2HuRenchong,2JinXin
Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy of ω⁃3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in radiotherapy and to provide evidence⁃based reference for its use in radiotherapy. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCT), which utilized the regular diet or standard enteral nutrition preparations (control group) and combined with ω⁃3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (experimental group) to improve the nutritional status in patients during radiation therapy and prevent of complications were collected from PubMed, Medline, Embase, the Cochrane library, China journal full⁃text database and Wanfang database, until to May 2020. Data of clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and quality evaluation of the trials was conducted with reference to Cochrane systematic evaluator′s manual 5.1. The Stata 14.0 statistical software was used to meta⁃analyze the weight loss before and after radiotherapy and the incidence of complications of severe anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea in the two groups. Results a total of 10 RCTs were included, with 486 patients. The results of meta⁃analysis showed that no statistically significant difference between two groups was found on weight loss（SMD＝-0.02，95%CI：-0.26-0.21，P＝0.838）, decreased BMI value（SMD＝0.06，95%CI：-0.23-0.34，P＝0.696）, the incidence of overalladverseevents（RR=0.97，95%CI：0.84-1.12，P＝0.678）, and the incidence of anorexia（RR＝0.79，95%CI： -0.49-1.28，P＝0.345）after radiotherapy. Conclusion The combination of ω⁃3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with normal diet or routine nutritional preparations did not restore weight loss and prevent adverse events in patients undergoing radiotherapy.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 168-174 [Abstract] ( 229 ) HTML PDF (4230 KB)  ( 238 )
175 Effects of silymarin on HIF‑1α and MDR1 expression in HepG‑2 cells under hypoxia
1ZhangJian,1PengYong,1MaHai,2YangLiu2
Objective To investigate the effect of silymarin (SM) on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF⁃1α) and multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) in HepG⁃2 cells under hypoxia. Methods After treatment of HepG⁃2 cells with different concentrations of SM (0, 10, 20, 40 mg/L) and concentration gradient chemotherapeutic drugs (doxorubicin, sorafenib, cisplatin), MTT assay was used to detect the effect of different concentrations of SM on the sensitivity of HepG⁃2 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Under hypoxic conditions, HepG⁃2 cells were treated with SM at 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/L for 8 h, RTPCR was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of SM on the expression levels of HIF⁃1α and MDR1 mRNA, and Western Blot was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of SM on the protein expression levels of HIF⁃1α and Pglycoprotein (P⁃Gp) in HepG⁃2 cells. Results With the increase of SM concentration, the sensitivity of HepG⁃2 cells to the chemotherapy drugs doxorubicin, sorafenib and cisplatin gradually increased. Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in HIF⁃1α mRNA expression in the 10, 20, and 40 mg/L SM treatment groups (P>0.05), while the MDR1 mRNA expression decreased in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05). Additionally, the HIF⁃1α and P⁃Gp protein expression levels of the 10, 20, and 40 mg/L SM treatment groups decreased in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion SM might reduce the expression of MDR1 by inhibiting the expression of HIF⁃1α in HepG⁃2 cells at the post-transcriptional level, thereby reducing the drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 175-178 [Abstract] ( 209 ) HTML PDF (2871 KB)  ( 245 )
179 Clinical study on the effect of HMB on disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in blood purification patients with end?stage renal disease
Liang Qingyue, Wang Zhong, Zong Xueping, Liu Fei, Li Honglie
Objective To observe and evaluate the effect of combined β?hydroxy?methylbutyric acid (HMB) in blood purification patients with end?stage renal disease, to explore more effective methods and approaches to prevent and cure the disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in end?stage renal disease. Methods From March 2018 to August 2019, 64 patients with end?stage renal disease who received blood purification, it was divided into experimental group and control group with 32 cases in each group, with random control design. Both groups were treated with routine blood purification. HMB intervention was performed in the trial group and placebo in the control group, which for a total duration of 12 weeks. To observe changes in laboratory indicators before and after treatment, including: serum calcium, phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone, urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum albumin and prealbumin, hemoglobin. Results (1)Laboratory results of calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders: compared with pre?treatment, serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone decreased after intervention in the experimental group, serum calcium elevated, the curative effect was better than the control group(P<0.05). (2) Results of renal function index: compared with pre?treatment, the serum Cr, BUN were decreased in the treatment group, and the curative effect was better than the control group(P<0.05). (3) Nutritional status indicators: compared with pre?treatment, the albumin and prealbumin increased after the intervention, the curative effect was better than the control group(P<0.05); There was no significant change between the experimental group and the control group before and after hemoglobin intervention (P>0.05). Conclusions Adding HMB, in blood purification patients with end?stage renal disease, it can effectively regulate the disorder of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, improve improve the renal function and the nutritional status of patients, and delay the occurrence of related complications.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 179-183 [Abstract] ( 206 ) HTML PDF (932 KB)  ( 274 )
184 Risk factors of pleural effusion after operation of ovarian cancer
1WangZijun,1YangXueying,2LiYan,1BaiWenpei
Objective To explore the risk factors of pleural effusion after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in patients with ovarian cancer. Methods To analyze the clinical data of primary or recurrent ovarian cancer who received CRS+HIPEC in the ovarian cancer database of Beijing Shijitan Hospital. Postoperative patients with pleural effusion were included in the pleural effusion group, and the rest in the non⁃pleural effusion group. We used univariate and multivariate Logistics regression to analyze the data. Results A total of 106 patients were included in this study, with an average age of (56.08± 9.96) years. The incidence of postoperative pleural effusion was 51.89% (56/106), of which bilateral pleural effusion accounted for 63.64% (35/55), left pleural effusion accounted for 25.45% (14/55), and right pleural effusion accounted for 10.91% (6/55). Univariate analysis showed that initial/recurrence, operative time, intraoperative fluid volume, glutamic⁃pyruvic transaminase, diaphragmatic involvement, ascites and hypoalbuminemia had statistical significance (P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that right diaphragmatic involvement (OR=5.66, 95%CI：1.10-29.39), ascites (OR=4.21, 95%CI：1.05-16.83), and recurrence (OR=4.66, 95%CI：1.32-16.42) were independent risk factors for postoperative pleural effusion. Conclusion Patients with right diaphragmatic involvement, ascites and recurrence are independent risk factors for pleural effusion after CRS+HIPEC for ovarian cancer. Postoperative attention should be paid to patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, especially those with involvement of the right diaphragm, and timely drainage of ascites to prevent the occurrence and development of pleural effusion.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 184-188 [Abstract] ( 269 ) HTML PDF (1000 KB)  ( 254 )
189 Clinical observation on nutritional fortification of egg membrane active peptide in the period of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for esophageal cancer
1Nie Hongyan, 1Wang Yang, 2Cao Zhengyu, 3Zhang Jianhua, 1Shen Yang
Objective To understand egg membrane peptides can strengthen nutrition support to patients suffering from esophageal cancer during their concurrent chemoradiation treatment. Methods A total of 116 patients from the Department of Radiotherapy and the Department of Oncology, Huai′an First People′s Hospital and Huai′an Cancer Hospital from February to October 2019 were selected and divided into the routine nutritional support group (TNSG group) and peptide nutrition support group (PNSG group) by a randomized, single⁃blind method, with 58 patients in each group. Routine tests of fasting blood glucose, serum albumin, serum prealbumin and IgG, IgM, IgA were performed on the next day, 7th and 14th day, and routine body composition analysis and physical measurement were performed. Results There was no statistical difference in the changes of serum albumin and prealbumin indexes during the 7~14 days (test7⁃14=0.298, P=0.381; test7⁃14=2.644, P>0.05); before the test and the 7th day (test0⁃7=3.782, P<0.001;test0⁃7= 15.834, P<0.001), between the test and the 14th day (test0⁃14=3.484, P<0.001; test0⁃14=13.189, P<0.001). There were statistical differences between the two groups in terms of serum total protein and serum prealbumin indicators. The upper arm circumference was statistically different during the period before the test to 7 days (test0⁃7=1.037, P<0.001), and the period before the test to 14 days (test0⁃14=0.659, P=0.001); while the lean body mass was in the test No statistical difference was seen from the first 7 days (test0⁃7=0.907, P=0.130), and no statistical difference was seen between the test 7~14 days (test7⁃14=0.377, P=0.045) and 14 days before the test (test0⁃14=1.061, P=0.007), there were statistical differences and clinical significance between the two groups. In the immune index IgG (test0⁃7=0.006, P=0.414), IgM (test0⁃7=0.032, P<0.001) blood concentration within 7 days, there was no statistical difference between the two groups. There was statistical difference in this index at 14 days and at 7 days. The blood IgA concentration was statistically different at 7 days and 14 days after the test. Conclusions Egg⁃membrane derived peptide plays a role in nutritional and immunomodulatory effect in the chemoradiotherapy of esophageal cancer.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 189-193 [Abstract] ( 75 ) HTML PDF (1986 KB)  ( 87 )
194 Clinical analysis of 19 cases of pneumonia type mucinous denocarcinoma
1 Deng Hui, 1 Xue Xinying, 1 Qin Chong, 2 Wang Yong, 1 Pan Lei
Objective To elucidate the mechanism of the formation and dissemination of pneumonia type mucinous adenocarcinoma, to improve the diagnostic level of pneumonia type mucinous adenocarcinoma, and to explore the prognosis of the disease. Methods 19 patients with pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma were diagnosed by pathology, and the corresponding clinical and pathological data were sorted out. Results 17 patients had cough and expectoration symptoms, 1 patient had no obvious symptoms, 1 patient had cough. The imaging findings included patchy consolidation (100%), ground glass exudation (78.9%), cavity (15.8%), bronchial inflation sign (26.3%), bilateral lung involvement (52.6%), left lower lobe involvement (15.8%) and right lower lobe involvement (15.8%). 73.7% of the patients received chemotherapy after evaluation, 3 cases underwent lobectomy and 1 case targeted therapy. The median overall survival (median OS) was 6 months. Pneumonic mucinous adenocarcinoma may involve multiple lobes and segments of the lung. The effect of anti⁃infective treatment is not good. Ground glass exudation and consolidation are pathologically determined as mucus filling in the alveolar cavity and dissemination of some tumor cells. At the same time, Duff staining of sputum smear showed tumor cells. Conclusion When the imaging findings are ground glass opacity, consolidation, nodules, cavities and dead branches, the possibility of pneumonic lung cancer should be considered. The change of ground glass on imaging needs to be alert to the bronchial lung metastasis caused by the dissemination of adenocarcinoma cells in mucus.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 194-197 [Abstract] ( 261 ) HTML PDF (5294 KB)  ( 228 )
198 The progress and prospects of live biotherapeutics on cancer immunotherapy
Zhang Yulong, Xu Xiaomin, Yang Yiyan, Yin Yiming, Hao Huaijie, Kou Yan, Tan Yan
The gut microbiota is considered an indispensable organ and plays an important role in human health. Numbers of diseases ranging from chronic inflammatory, metabolic diseases to neurological disorders and cancer were associated with the compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota. Cancer immunotherapy such as immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) is an emerging treatment with high specificity and efficacious. Recent studies showed that the efficacy of ICIs in patients with cancer was associated with the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarized studies on cancer immunotherapy⁃associated gut microbes, including the function of the gut microbiota in cancer immunotherapy, the potential mechanisms on how it affects the cancer immunotherapy. For example, metabolites and surface proteins of gut microbes could inhibit tumor growth or induce the apoptosis of tumor via direct or indirect mechanisms, or modulate the immune system especially in the tumor microenvironment. The development of bioinformatic tools and statistical approaches along with the application in the analysis of gut microbiota accelerated the discovery of new gut microbes associated with cancer immunotherapy. Up to now, there are several organizations and pharmaceutical companies involving in the development of live biotherapeutic products targeting cancer immunotherapy. Numerous clinical trials have been registered and launched based on the fundamental researches on gut microbiota. In this review, we also summarized the computational methods for identifying candidate therapeutic bacterium, as well as the development of live therapeutics on cancer immunotherapy. We also discussed the challenges of current live therapeutics discoveries on cancer immunotherapy and prospective development trends.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 198-204 [Abstract] ( 470 ) HTML PDF (1387 KB)  ( 248 )
205 Progress in understanding the relationship between dietary nutrients and liver cancer
Xiao Aiai, Wen Min, Wang Zhengping
The pathogenesis of liver cancer is complex, including genetic factors, environmental factors and dietary factors, in which the influence of dietary factors on the occurrence and development of liver cancer has been the focus of research. Poor eating habits and unreasonable dietary combinations may lead to cancer by changing the metabolic pathway. In addition, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and local ablation are considered to be the most effective ways to treat liver cancer, but malnutrition, side effects, and drug resistance limit its clinical efficacy. More and more studies have shown that nutritional intervention has an important influence on the effect of cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Reasonable dietary nutrition and some natural food active ingredients can improve the efficacy of anti⁃cancer drugs and have the effect of increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity. Therefore, dietary nutrition intervention can not only effectively prevent the occurrence of liver cancer, but also improve treatment tolerance and therapeutic effect. The study of the relationship between dietary and nutritional factors and liver cancer is helpful to understand the role of food and nutrition in the occurrence and development of liver cancer and provide theoretical basis for the prevention of liver cancer. This paper reviews the studies on the effects of dietary fat, protein, carbohydrates and some micronutrients on liver cancer in recent years, and comprehensively analyzes the dietary nutrition intervention strategies for liver cancer from the point of view of dietary nutrients
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 205-210 [Abstract] ( 376 ) HTML PDF (962 KB)  ( 272 )
211 Advances of association between the gut microbiota and colorectal cancer and its research techniques
Chang Yuxiao, Yang Ruifu, Bi Yujing
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers, ranking the third in the incidence of cancer in China. Intestinal microenvironment affects tumor proliferation, survival, metastasis, and tumorigenesis, especially metabolites in the microenvironment can stimulate inflammatory cells to induce chronic inflammatory responses. The intestinal flora affects the mechanism of the body and regulates the physiological function of the colon, rectum and even the whole digestive system, which is closely related to colorectal cancer. At present, sequencing technology and microbiota⁃host interaction are the main methods to study the association between gut microbiota and colorectal cancer. Sequencing can quickly and extensively analyze the species, genes and functions of fecal samples, and bacteria⁃host interaction technology can be used to study the mechanism of bacteria on the occurrence and development of diseases from the perspective of experiment, and more accurately determine the relationship between intestinal flora and colorectal cancer. However, some factors, including the differences in DNA extraction, primer deviation, sequencing depth, functional variations at bacterial strain level and the impacts of un⁃identified bacteria, restrict the research progress. With the development of technology, culturomics and organoid have brought new technologies and methods to the study of the relationship between intestinal flora and colorectal cancer, which make up for the deficiency of sequencing technology and experimental technology. This review briefs the relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal cancer, and mainly discusses the research techniques and future development.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 211-216 [Abstract] ( 282 ) HTML PDF (1081 KB)  ( 592 )
217 Telomeres, one‑carbon metabolism and sarcopenia
Jia Pingping, Gao Nana, Xu Xiping, Shi Hanping
"Terminal replication" of telomeres has been the focus of biologists. Telomere dysfunction is believed to be one of the causes for the increased risk of degenerative diseases. Dietary patterns and micronutrients, including folic acid can affect telomere length and function. Dietary patterns and micronutrients, including folic acid, can affect telomere length and function. When folic acid and B12 are deficient, the homocysteine in plasma will increase and the telomere length will shorten as well, Folic acid deficiency leads to the increase of uracil in telomeres, which eventually results in telomere breakage and shortening. Low level of folic acid also leads to sub⁃telomere hypomethylation, which affects the length and function of telomeres. Folic acid plays an important role in the metabolism of one carbon unit. It is an indispensable substance in the synthesis of purine nucleotides, thymine and the remethylation of homocysteine into methionine. The interruption of these pathways will affect DNA synthesis and stability, and affect chromosome methylation, which lead to malnutrition and disease, including muscle weakness, walking difficulties, cardiovascular disease, birth defects, cancer, etc. Some studies have shown that folic acid may have a positive effect on the development of skeletal muscle development. However, the precise role of folic acid in skeletal muscle development is still unclear. Sarcopenia results in the reduction of muscle mass and strength progressively and caused by muscle degeneration shortens telomere length. Sarcopenia leads to the shortening of telomere length, but the specific mechanism needs to be further explored. In this review, the correlation among telomere regulation, one carbon metabolism and muscle loss are discussed to provide ideas for scientific research.ion, one carbon metabolism and muscle loss are discussed to provide ideas for scientific research.
2021 Vol. 8 (2): 217-222 [Abstract] ( 292 ) HTML PDF (1327 KB)  ( 228 )
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